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Protein Tumor Markers

Stefan Pellenz

Biomarkers are defined as “any substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body or its products and influence or predict the incidence of outcome or disease”1. Certain physiological conditions are characterized by the presence or altered levels of substances specific for that condition. Substances such as proteins and peptides can be readily measured and are therefore often times used as biomarkers.

Biomarkers in tumor diagnostics

Tumor markers represent a subset of biomarkers that are indicative for cancerous growth. Most of these marker are being produced by both normal cells as well as tumor cells. The levels at which they are present in bodily fluids like urine, saliva or blood are however typically significantly higher in patients with various malignancies.

There is a plethora of tumor markers being used which can be classified base on their function, the way they are detected, or the kind of sample in which they are measured:

  • Oncofetal antigens
  • Tumor associated antigens
  • Hormones and hormone receptors
  • Enzymes and isoenzymes
  • Serum and tissue proteins
  • Cancer stem cells4
  • other tumor markers such genetic markers and biomolecules.
Protein Tumor Markers - antibodies-online.com

Protein Tumor Markers and their sites.

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A perfect tumor marker is highly specific and differentiates reliably between healthy individuals and cancer patients. It can be a universal tumor marker or specific for one particular malignancy. It should permit early detection of early stage tumors and at the same time distinguish tumor stages and have prognostic value for outcome and potential recurrence. Lastly, it should be easily measureable with established techniques to follow any changes during the course of a treatment.

None of the established markers fulfill all the points in the wish list for the perfect tumor marker. Instead, several markers are typically used in conjunction to allow for a reliable diagnosis, prognosis, staging and monitoring of a wide range of different cancer types5.

How are Tumor Markers measured?

The majority of tumor biomarkers are proteins or peptides. Consequently, they can be qualitatively and quantitatively measured using immunological methods such as ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, or other methods depending on the nature of the marker and of the sample.

An increasing number of tumor markers are also based on genetic variations6. Altered expression patterns and mutations in certain oncogenes do not affect the type of malignancy but are also determinants for the response to treatment.

Protein Tumor Markers in different Tissues

Protein Tumor Markers - antibodies-online.com

Protein Tumor Markers and their sites.

Get our Protein Tumor Marker poster!

By clicking on the link below, you can download a copy of our Protein Tumor Marker poster in PDF format.

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The table above compiles a number of protein and peptide markers that are typically used to diagnose and monitor various malignant conditions. The first column classifies the different markers as oncofetal antigens, tumor associated antigens, hormones and hormone receptors , iso-/enzymes, serum and tissue markers, and cancer stem cell markers. The matrix indicates for which cancer types the different markers can be used.

Protein Tumor Markers Antibodies

antibodies-online offers a wide range of products relevant for immunoassays focused on commonly used tumor markers:

Marker class Marker Gene Cancer type
Oncofetal antigens alpha-Fetoprotein AFPliver, germ cell tumors, ovarian, testicular
Oncofetal antigens CEACAM5 CEACAM5esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Oncofetal antigens CEACAM5 CEACAM6esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Oncofetal antigens CEACAM1 CEACAM1esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Oncofetal antigens
CEACAM7esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Tumor associated antigens Mucin 1 MUC1breast
Tumor associated antigens TAG-72 -bile duct, gastric cancer
Tumor associated antigens
-carcinoid
Tumor associated antigens CA125 MUC16germ cell tumors, lung, OC, uterine
Tumor associated antigens CA15-3 MUC1breast
Tumor associated antigens
-cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal, gastrointestinal, lung, uterine
Tumor associated antigens
-gastrointestinal
Hormes and receptors CGB CGBchoriocarcinoma, testicular
Hormes and receptors Calcitonin Calcamedullary thyroid cancer
Hormes and receptors CHGA CHGAneuroendocrine tumors
Hormes and receptors PGR PGRbreast
Hormes and receptors Transthyretin TTRovarian
Hormes and receptors Calcitonin Calcathyroid
Hormes and receptors EGFR mutation analysis EGFRlung
Hormes and receptors
ESR1breast
Hormes and receptors Estrogen receptor (ER) ESR2breast
Hormes and receptors HER2/neu ERBB2breast, esopahgeal, gastrointestinal
Hormes and receptors Osteocalcin BGLAPbone
Hormes and receptors Transferrin receptor TFRCbreast
Hormes and receptors Transthyretin TTRgerm cell tumors
Enzymes and modulators Alkaline Phosphatase ALPLbone
Enzymes and modulators C-Abl Oncogene 1 BCR/ABL1chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia
Enzymes and modulators Prostate Specific Antigen PSAprostate
Enzymes and modulators Lactate Dehydrogenase A LDHAgerm cell tumors, gastric
Enzymes and modulators Lactate Dehydrogenase B LDHBgerm cell tumors, gastric
Enzymes and modulators Lactate Dehydrogenase C LDHCgerm cell tumors, gastric
Enzymes and modulators SERPINB3 SERPINB3esopahgeal, lung, ovarian, squamous cell carcinoma
Enzymes and modulators SERPINB4 SERPINB4esopahgeal, lung, ovarian, squamous cell carcinoma
Enzymes and modulators Plasminogen Activator, Urokinase PLAUbreast
Enzymes and modulators BRAF V600E BRAFcolorectal, skin
Enzymes and modulators KIT KITgastrointestinal, mucosal melanoma
Enzymes and modulators KRAS mutation analysis KRASlung
Enzymes and modulators Neuron specific enolase (NSE) ENO2lung, thyroid
Enzymes and modulators Nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) NUMA1UBC
Enzymes and modulators plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) SERPINE1breast
Serum and tissue proteins CYFRA21.1 KRT19breast, lung
Serum and tissue proteins WFDC2 WAP5ovarian
Serum and tissue proteins Apolipoprotein A1 APOA1germ cell tumors
Serum and tissue proteins Beta-2-microglobulin B2Mchronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
Serum and tissue proteins Cytokeratin fragments 21-1 (Cyfra 21-1) KRT19breast, esopahgeal, lung, skin, UBC, uterine
Serum and tissue proteins Ferritin FTL, FTH1liver
Serum and tissue proteins Fibrin D-dimer -UBC
Serum and tissue proteins Fibrinogen -UBC
Serum and tissue proteins S100 S100A1skin
Serum and tissue proteins Thyroglobulin TGthyroid
Serum and tissue proteins
-UBC
Cancer stem cells Aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1A1bile duct, breast, gastrointestinal, lung, skin
Cancer stem cells
MS4A1cancer stem cells, lymphoma, prostate
Cancer stem cells CD24 CD24bile duct, breast, cancer stem cells, gastrointestinal, germ cell tumors, liver
Cancer stem cells CD44 CD44bile duct, breast, cancer stem cells, gastrointestinal, germ cell tumors, liver, prostate
Cancer stem cells Nestin NESbile duct, cancer stem cells, nervous tissue
Oncofetal antigens Alpha-fetoprotein AFPgerm cell tumors, liver, testicular

References

  • Grunnet, Sorensen: "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as tumor marker in lung cancer." in: Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), Vol. 76, Issue 2, pp. 138-43, (2012) (PubMed).
  • Berger, Dirksen, Braeuninger, Koehler, Juergens, Krumbholz, Metzler: "Genomic EWS-FLI1 fusion sequences in Ewing sarcoma resemble breakpoint characteristics of immature lymphoid malignancies." in: PloS one, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. e56408, (2013) (PubMed).
  • Medema: "Cancer stem cells: the challenges ahead." in: Nature cell biology, Vol. 15, Issue 4, pp. 338-44, (2013) (PubMed).
  • Zhan, Rindtorff, Boutros: "Wnt signaling in cancer." in: Oncogene, Vol. 36, Issue 11, pp. 1461-1473, (2017) (PubMed).
  • Saitta, Raffa, Alibrandi, Brancatelli, Lombardo, Tripodi, Raimondo, Pollicino: "PIVKA-II is a useful tool for diagnostic characterization of ultrasound-detected liver nodules in cirrhotic patients." in: Medicine, Vol. 96, Issue 26, pp. e7266, (2017) (PubMed).
  • Wojcik, Kulpa: "Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) as a biomarker in small-cell lung cancer diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of treatment response." in: Lung Cancer (Auckland, N.Z.), Vol. 8, pp. 231-240, (2017) (PubMed).
  • Unterlass, Curtin: "Warburg and Krebs and related effects in cancer." in: Expert reviews in molecular medicine, Vol. 21, pp. e4, (2020) (PubMed).
  • Quintero-Fabián, Arreola, Becerril-Villanueva, Torres-Romero, Arana-Argáez, Lara-Riegos, Ramírez-Camacho, Alvarez-Sánchez: "Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Cancer." in: Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 9, pp. 1370, (2019) (PubMed).
  • Hanahan: "Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions." in: Cancer discovery, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 31-46, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Mani, Krug, Zhang, Satpathy, Clauser, Ding, Ellis, Gillette, Carr: "Cancer proteogenomics: current impact and future prospects." in: Nature reviews. Cancer, Vol. 22, Issue 5, pp. 298-313, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Ma, Xin, Ma: "The use of single-cell multi-omics in immuno-oncology." in: Nature communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 2728, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Cao, Xing, Li, Tian, Song, Jiang, Yu: "Claudin18.2 is a novel molecular biomarker for tumor-targeted immunotherapy." in: Biomarker research, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 38, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Wang, Zhang, Danil, Yang, Hu: "The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer." in: Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 12, pp. 1051497, (2022) (PubMed).

Additional References

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