Biological Activity: Fully biologically active when compared to standard. The specific activity determined by its ability in a functional ELISA. Immobilized rMuIL-36α at 1 μg/mL can bind recombinant murine IL-1 Rrp2 with a range of 0.15-5 μg/mL.
Relevance: Cytokine that binds to and signals through the IL1RL2/IL-36R receptor which in turn activates NF-kappa-B and MAPK signaling pathways in target cells linked to a pro-inflammatory response. Part of the IL-36 signaling system that is thought to be present in epithelial barriers and to take part in local inflammatory response, similar to the IL-1 system with which it shares the coreceptor IL1RAP. Seems to be involved in skin inflammatory response by acting on keratinocytes, dendritic cells and indirectly on T cells to drive tissue infiltration, cell maturation and cell proliferation. Induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-12, Il-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha and IL-23 in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Involved in dendritic cell maturation by stimulating the surface expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class II. Induces the production of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-17 by cultured CD4(+) T cells and splenocytes. May play a role in proinflammatory effects in the lung: induces the expression of CXCL1 and CXCL2 in the lung, and the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-36c, IL-1A, IL-1B, CXCL1 and CXCL2 in isolated splenic CD11c(+) alveolar macrophages. May be involved in T cell maturation by stimulating the surface expression of CD40 and modestly CD80 and CD86 in splenic CD11c(+) cells. May be involved in CD4(+) T cell proliferation. Induces NF-kappa B activation in macrophages. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:21860022, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21965679, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23029241, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24829417}. Synonyms: FIL1 epsilon, IL-1 epsilon, Interleukin-1 family member 6, IL-1F6, Interleukin-1 homolog 1