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背景
High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), named for its rapid migration properties on electrophoretic gels, is a member of the nonhistone chromatin-associated proteins. HMGB1 is translated as a 214 amino acid protein, and extensively modified posttranslationally, by glycosylation, acylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. The primary structure is evolutionarily conserved, with 100 % amino acid sequence homology between rat and mouse, and 99 % homology between rodent and human. Intracellular HMGB1 has been studied previously for its roles in binding DNA, stabilizing nucleosome formation, as a general transcription factor for nucleolar and mitochondrial RNA polymerases, and as a gene- and tissue-specific transcriptional regulator that can enhance transcription and/or replication. Extracellular HMGB1 is recently implicated as a late mediator of delayed endotoxin lethality, because murine and human macrophages/monocytes release large amounts of a 29 kDa form of HMGB1 when stimulated by exposure to bacterial endotoxin.Synonyms: Amphoterin, HMG-1, HMG1, HMGB-1, High mobility group protein 1, High mobility group protein B1