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Primary antibodies are immunoglobulins that bind to a specific antigen of interest. The antigen can be for example a protein, a peptide, a small molecule. A high-quality primary antibody recognizes and binds with high affinity and specificity to purify, detect, and measure the antigen. Using different hosts, such as mouse, rabbit, rat or chicken, primary antibodies are available as polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, depending on the application. Primary antibodies for commonly studied targets are also available in conjugation with fluorescent dyes or biotin, PE and other molecules.

At antibodies-online.com you will find high-quality primary antibodies with diverse validation data for a large number of targets, reactivities and conjugates.

Featured primary antibodies categories

Popular Primary Antibodies

antibodies-online.com supplies you with antibodies for more than 60,000 targets, for more than 100 different applications and methods, a wide variety of conjugates, reactivities etc. In case you need assistance with finding the right product our team of PhD biologists is looking forward to your request via phone or email to support you in your research work.

Browse our Primary Antibodies by Application

We offer antibodies for more than 100 applications. Below are some of the most requested. If you do not find the method you are looking for, please use our search and filter out the desired products quickly and easily, or contact our customer service.

• Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

  CUT&RUN / CUT&Tag

  ELISA
  Flow Cytometry (FACS)

  Immunocytochemistry (ICC)

  Immunofluorescence (IF)
• Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

  Immunoprecipitation (IP)

  Western Blotting (WB)

We support you with antibodies validated for many other applications such as FLISA, Immunocytochemistry, and more. Use our search to find the right product for you.

Browse our Primary Antibodies by Conjugate

On antibodies-online.com you will find a wide selection of conjugated primaries. Some of the most important conjugates are listed below. By clicking on a link you will get to the corresponding products.

• Alexa Fluor 647

  Alexa Fluor 750

  APC
  Atto 390

  Biotin

  DyLight 488
• FITC

  HRP

  PE

We support you with a wide range of conjugates. Please use our search function or contact our team of biologists if you need help finding your desires product.

Reagents and Tools related to Primary Antibodies

On antibodies-online.com you will find a lot of other tools and reagents for your daily work. Some important categories are shown below.

• Secondary Antibodies
• Isotype Controls
• Buffers

Resources

• Loading Controls
• Introduction to Western Blotting
• What ist Flow Cytometry?
• Protein Tumor Markers - Biomarkers in tumor diagnostics
• Cytokeratins in Tumor Detection
• Our Independent Validation Initiative - Share your antibody validation data and get your money back

Antibody FAQ

What is an antibody?

Antibodies are proteins produced in vertebrates in response to certain substances. Antibodies are an important element of the so-called humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity. They belong to the gamma globulin fraction and are also called immunoglobulins (Ig).

Antibodies are produced by the body when B cells come in contact with a matching antigen. As a result, the B cell is activated and differentiates into a plasma cell that secretes large amounts of antibody. These antibodies are able to specifically bind the antigen which has caused the differentiation of the B cell.

What is a primary antibody?

A primary antibody is an antibody that directly binds to a specific target antigen. It is utilized in various laboratory techniques, such as Western blots, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA, to detect and analyze the presence of the target antigen in a sample. Primary antibodies are essential tools in biological research and clinical diagnostics, allowing scientists and medical professionals to identify and study specific proteins, cells, or molecules of interest. They are produced through immunization of animals or generated through recombinant techniques, ensuring their high specificity and affinity to the target antigen. In combination with a secondary antibody, primary antibodies facilitate signal amplification, enhancing the detection of the target antigen.

What is a secondary antibody?

A secondary antibody is an antibody that binds to the primary antibody. It is used in various laboratory techniques, such as Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. The primary antibody, which directly recognizes the target antigen, is applied first. Then, the secondary antibody, which is specific to the species of the primary antibody, is applied. The secondary antibody binds to the primary antibody, amplifying the signal and making it detectable through various detection methods. Secondary antibodies play a crucial role in enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of immunoassays, enabling researchers to visualize and quantify the presence of the target antigen in samples.

What is a monoclonal antibody (mAb)?

A monoclonal antibody is a type of antibody that is produced by identical immune cells, all derived from a single parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies are designed to target a specific antigen with high precision, making them valuable tools in various research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications.

What is a polyclonal antibody (pAb)?

A polyclonal antibody is a type of antibody that is derived from multiple B cells, each producing antibodies against different epitopes on a specific antigen. Unlike monoclonal antibodies, which are produced from identical immune cells, polyclonal antibodies recognize multiple epitopes, providing broader antigen coverage. They are commonly used in various research and diagnostic applications.

How are antibodies structured?

Antibodies have a common basic structure: each consists of two heavy and two light identical polypeptide chains, linked via disulfide bridges. The heavy and light chains include constant and variable regions. The variable regions of both chains determine the binding domain (paratope) for a specific antigenic determinant (epitope). The epitope is the part of the antigen that is recognized by the antibody. In addition, the constant regions of the heavy chains determine the immunoglobulin class to which the antibody belongs (IgM, IgG, IgD, IgA or IgE). The immunoglobulin class is also called isotype. The various antibody classes are found in different compartments of the body. For example, IgA is present in the saliva while IgG and IgM are found in the blood. In addition, membrane-bound antibodies are also found (e.g.: IgE on mast cells or IgD on B lymphocytes).

What is the function of antibodies?

In the course of an immune response, the antibodies perform various functions. They capture and block invading antigens so that they cannot exert their harmful effect, or they prevent the antigen’s interaction with body cells (e.g. to prevent the penetration of viruses and bacteria into body cells).

Antibodies also opsonize pathogens. In this case the antibody constitutes a marker, e.g. for phagocytes. The phagocytes interact with the constant regions of the antibody in contact and are induced to uptake and digest the pathogen (e.g., a bacterium).

Antibodies may also bind to body cells, thereby causing the so-called NK cells (natural killer cells) to selectively kill the cell. This is useful when a cell is infected with a pathogen (e.g., a virus). Other important functions include the activation of various cell types of the immune system and the complement system.

What are antibodies used for?

Antibodies are used in medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes (e.g. serological tests, diagnosis and follow-up of infectious diseases, passive immunization, etc.). They also offer many possible uses (ELISA, FACS, Western blots, immunohistochemistry, etc.) for research purposes. For these purposes, polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies or recombinant antibodies are used.

How can antibodies-online.com help you with your research?

antibodies-online.com supports your research with a very large selection of primary antibodies, matched pairs, associated secondary antibodies and many other tools, such as proteins, peptides, ELISA kits, assay kits. Our products are characterized by high specificity and high reliability. In addition to images of different application methods and PubMed references, many products have independent validation by customers and contracted external institutes. Our convenient search functions help you to find the right antibody with or without conjugate for your target quickly and easily.